Dutch East India Company

Tertiary, encyclopaedic, well-cited for the headline figures. The 1669 peak numbers are the standard ones in the literature on the VOC and trace back through Femme Gaastra's The Dutch East India Company (2003) and the older Glamann Dutch-Asiatic Trade 1620-1740 (1958); for any closer economic- historical claim those monographs are the right anchors.

The article in this corpus uses the VOC as the type-specimen of the chartered trading company that became indistinguishable from a state in its operational territory. The Wikipedia entry is sufficient for that typological use; it is not sufficient for a substantive history of VOC violence in the East Indies, for which Pepijn Brandon and Indonesian historiography (notably the zaman kompeni literature) are the right follow-on reading.